有机肥处理对旱地红壤细菌群落及玉米生产力的影响

为探明旱地红壤细菌群落特征及玉米生产力对不同有机肥处理的响应，基于自2002年设置在中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站的有机培肥长期定位试验，采用Illumina高通量测序，研究不同有机肥（不施肥，M0；低量有机肥，M1；高量有机肥，M2；高量有机肥加石灰，M3）处理下土壤细菌群落多样性和结构以及玉米生产力的变化.结果发现，与M0相比，土壤pH、有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量和玉米生产力在不同有机肥（M1、M2和M3）处理下均显著增加，其中M3处理的提升效果最佳.施用有机肥显著提高了土壤细菌群落的Shannon、Evenness、Chao1与ACE指数，重塑了细菌群落结构.基于随机森林模型分析，土壤性质中的pH和TP显著影响土壤细菌多样性，而pH、SOM、TP和TN对土壤细菌群落结构影响显著.相关性分析和结构方程模型分析表明，土壤TP和SOM可以通过改变土壤细菌多样性和群落组成间接影响玉米生产力.研究结果从指导我国南方红壤区农田合理施肥的角度，为农田土壤质量提高及耕地产能提升提供科学依据.     

农作物秸秆综合利用的研究进展综述

通过对农作物秸秆的研究现状、处理方法及综合应用情况进行综述,归纳出了目前农作物秸秆综合利用领域、主要处理方法及需要突破的关键技术.明确了突破农作物秸秆外表面物质结构实现完全降解和完成内部纤维素、半纤维素等高分子化合物降解转化是综合利用农作物秸秆研究的重点和难点.同时指出了解决农作物秸秆综合利用的技术层面、法律层面和人文认知理念等方面的发展趋势,为高效利用农作物秸秆及开展关键技术攻关提供参考.     

A strategy for wildlife management in depopulating rural areas of Japan

Former ranges of wild animals have been reestablished in many developed countries. However, this reestablishment has led to increasing human–wildlife conflict in agroforest ecosystems. In Japan, human–wildlife conflict, such as crop raiding by and ecological impacts of wild ungulates and primates, is a serious problem in depopulated rural areas due to these animal range expansions and increased abundances. Japan's human population is predicted to decline by 24% by 2050, and approximately 20% of agricultural settlements will become completely depopulated. In this scenario, anthropogenic pressures on wildlife (e.g., hunting and habitat alteration) will continue to decrease and human–wildlife conflict will increase due to increasing wildlife recovery. Japan's local governments plan to slow range recovery, prevent species reestablishment, or remove recolonizing large mammals through lethal control. This strategy, however, is not cost-effective, and workforce shortages in depopulated communities make it infeasible. Moreover, the suppression of wildlife prevents the recovery of ecological functions and thus would degrade regional biodiversity. The declining pressure on wildlife that accompanies human depopulation will prevent the restoration of any past states of human–wildlife interaction. We suggest human-used areas in rural landscapes be aggregated in compact cities and that in transition zones between human settlements and depopulated lands that land-sharing approaches be applied. Concentrating management efforts in compact cities may effectively decrease human–wildlife conflict, rather than intensifying human pressures. Reforestation of depopulated lands may lead to recovery of wildlife habitats, their ecosystem functions, and regional biodiversity due to minimization of negative anthropogenic effects (land-sparing approach). Balancing resolution of human–wildlife conflict and ecological rewilding could become a new, challenging task for regional wildlife managers.     

Designing a policy package for the promotion of servicising: A case study of vineyard crop protection in Galicia (Spain)

The servicising approach in vineyard protection is considered a valid alternative to achieve decoupling between the economic and environmental performance of viticulture. In this paper, a policy package is designed to promote the uptake of a servicised model of vineyard protection in an area of smallholding viticulture. In doing so, a specific methodology based on a step by step protocol has been followed that aims to come up with a package that is effective, implementable and socially as well as politically acceptable. The paper concludes on the importance of combining several policy instruments in a policy package to realise the political objective. The proposed viable policy package includes incentives that support the companies’ shift towards offering crop protection solutions, further development of IPM solutions and instruments that encourage farmers to reduce the use of pesticides and collectively hire crop protection services.     

煤基腐殖酸对外源砷胁迫下玉米生长及生理性状的影响简

为了筛选用于砷污染土壤治理的煤基腐殖酸，采用盆栽实验研究了施用不同种类和浓度的煤基腐殖酸及EDTA对外源砷胁迫下玉米株高、株鲜重、株干重、根干重、砷积累量、叶片抗氧化酶（POD，SOD和CAT）活性和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明，11种供试煤基腐殖酸均促进了玉米生长，提高了叶片POD、SOD和CAT活性。其中6和10号腐殖酸可降低土壤砷活性和显著抑制玉米吸收和积累砷，而8和9号腐殖酸增加了土壤活性砷和显著促进了玉米对砷的吸收和累积，且不同程度地强于EDTA。除8和9号外，其余腐殖酸均可明显降低玉米叶片脯氨酸的含量。EDTA可显著促进玉米吸收和积累砷，且加剧了砷对玉米的危害。因此，8和9号供试煤基腐殖酸可以替代EDTA活化土壤砷，与植物配合以提高砷污染土壤的植物修复速度和效果，而6和10号供试煤基腐殖酸则可用于土壤砷钝化剂，以保证作物产品的安全。     

农田土壤施用系列新型氮肥后气态氮(NH3和N2O)减排效果比较:以夏玉米季为例

为了解不同品种新型氮肥相对常规施肥其氨(NH3)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)的减排效果,本文通过田间原位试验同步研究了夏玉米生长季氮肥施用后的农田NH_3挥发和N_2O排放及其主要驱动因子.以常规施肥(复合肥+尿素,CK)为对照,设置了5个肥料处理,分别为脲铵氮肥(UA)、稳定性复合肥料(UHD)、硫包衣氮肥(SCU)、脲甲醛复合肥(UF)和有机肥(OF),施氮量(以N计)均为300 kg·hm~(-2).相关分析结果表明,氨挥发和N_2O排放受环境因子影响,均与土壤WFPS呈显著负相关(P0.05),N_2O排放还与土壤硝态氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01).进一步回归分析表明,N_2O排放(F_(N_2O))主要取决于土壤硝态氮(x)含量的变化,而氨挥发(F_(NH_3))主要取决于土壤铵态氮(x)含量的变化.与CK相比,除了UA,其它肥料处理都降低了土壤的氨挥发,尤其是UF和OF处理减少了37%~43%.但对于N_2O排放,所有处理与CK皆无显著差异.进一步计算每种处理氨挥发和N_2O的气态氮损失总量,与CK相比,UHD、SCU、UF和OF分别减排了9%、5%、30%和23%,而UA增加了3%.     

不同磷水平下丛枝菌根真菌对纳米氧化锌生物效应的影响

纳米ZnO颗粒是应用最为广泛金属型纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)之一,对作物和土壤微生物的影响值得关注.丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)是自然界中普遍存在的植物-真菌共生体,对各种环境胁迫具有一定的抵御能力,但菌根效应受土壤和植物磷含量的影响.分别设置0、20、50、100 mg·kg~(-1)这4个磷水平,在接种或不接种AM真菌Funneliformis mosseae、添加或不添加纳米ZnO(500 mg·kg~(-1))条件下在温室中利用玉米进行土壤盆栽试验.结果表明,纳米ZnO没有显著影响玉米生长,但不利于菌根侵染和磷素吸收,并引起锌在植物体内的积累.纳米ZnO和高磷降低玉米菌根侵染,但AM真菌在所有磷水平下均显著促进植物生长.施磷和接菌均可使土壤p H升高、降低纳米ZnO源锌的生物有效性,从而降低锌向玉米地上部分的转运和积累,体现出一定保护作用.接菌在多数情况下显示出积极的菌根效应,尤其在低磷、添加纳米ZnO条件下更为显著.结果首次表明,AM真菌、磷肥均有助于减轻纳米ZnO引起的土壤污染及其所产生的生态和健康风险.     

常规施肥条件下农田不同途径氮素损失的原位研究:以长江中下游地区夏玉米季为例

为了解农田常规施肥条件下的不同途径氮素损失特征,本文通过田间原位试验同步研究了长江中下游地区夏玉米生长季氮肥施用后的农田N2O排放、NH3挥发、氮渗漏和地表径流的变化.结果表明,在复合肥为基肥,尿素为追肥,基追肥氮素水平均为150 kg·hm-2的条件下,整个玉米生长季N2O排放系数为3.3%,NH3挥发损失率为10.2%,氮渗漏和地表径流损失率分别为11.2%和5.1%.此外,基肥施用以氮素渗漏损失为主,而追肥氮素损失以氨挥发和渗漏为主,表明不同途径化肥氮素损失主要受氮肥品种影响,玉米季追肥可改用低氨挥发氮肥品种以减少氮素损失.     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱法测定玉米作物中多环芳烃含量

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱测定玉米作物中15种多环芳烃的方法,优化了试验条件.方法线性关系良好,15种多环芳烃的检出限在0.003 8～0.079μg/kg之间,空白加标试验的相对标准偏差在3.9%～11.7%之间,基质加标回收率在69.3%～115.3%之间.实际样品的测定结果表明,该方法分离效果...     

东北地区玉米低温冷害规律研究

以东北地区10 km×10 km的气象要素插值资料以及作物发育期资料为基础,通过计算每个网格点上热量指数和热量指数临界值,得到每个网格点上低温冷害指标值。在此基础上对低温冷害指标进行经验正交分解和小波分析,得到其时空变化规律及多时间尺度特征。玉米冷害3个空间分布型时间系数的分析表明,东北地区玉米低温冷害存在如下规律:第1模态在1971-1992年,呈现准8 a的周期变化规律,第2模态没有呈现很好的周期性规律,第3模态在1963-1974年,呈现准2a的周期变化规律。热量指数变异系数低值区主要分布在平原地区,中值区和高值区主要分布在大兴安岭、小兴安岭、长白山地区以及吉林省白城市沙地,山地和沙地的变异系数要高于平原地区。